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The Invoice Fraud Pattern Graveyard

Ways money left without anyone knowing why.

A growing, searchable catalog of named invoice-fraud patterns — the detection signal for each, and how severe it is. If you recognize one from your own AP process, that’s the point.

30 patterns

The Slow Drift

High
Bank change

A vendor’s bank details change by one or two digits over several invoices, each small enough to escape notice.

The New Vendor Clone

Critical
Impersonation

A near-duplicate vendor record (one character off the name) is created to receive a redirected payment.

The Midnight Edit

High
Bank change

Bank details are altered outside business hours, when no one is reviewing change requests.

The Ghost PO

High
PO mismatch

An invoice references a purchase order that does not exist in the system.

The Pay-Twice

High
Duplicate

The same invoice is submitted again with a trivially modified number (-A, -REV, extra zero).

The Round Thousand

Medium
Fabrication

Amounts land on exact round thousands far more often than genuine billing would produce.

The Threshold Sneak

High
Control evasion

Invoices priced just under an approval threshold to avoid a second signature.

The Split Invoice

High
Control evasion

One large purchase broken into several smaller invoices to stay below review limits.

The Resurrected Vendor

Medium
Master data

A dormant or terminated vendor suddenly issues invoices again.

The Lookalike Domain

Critical
Impersonation

Remittance emails arrive from a domain one character off the real vendor’s.

The Early-Pay Pressure

Medium
Social engineering

Urgent “pay today for a discount” framing designed to bypass verification.

The CEO Wire

Critical
Social engineering

A spoofed executive request to wire funds urgently and confidentially.

The Tax-ID Swap

High
Master data

A vendor’s tax ID quietly changes while the display name stays the same.

The Currency Flip

Medium
Fabrication

An amount’s currency is changed (USD→EUR) to inflate the paid value.

The Recurring Phantom

High
Fabrication

A small recurring charge for a service no one can identify, riding under scrutiny.

The PO Padding

Medium
PO mismatch

Invoiced quantity exceeds the PO by a small margin on every line.

The Backdated Invoice

Medium
Timing

An invoice dated into a prior, already-closed period to dodge current review.

The Weekend Batch

Medium
Timing

Suspicious invoices clustered in weekend/holiday runs with reduced oversight.

The Remit-To Override

Critical
Bank change

A one-off “remit to a different account this time” note attached to a legitimate invoice.

The Duplicate Across Systems

High
Duplicate

The same invoice paid once in the ERP and again via a one-off manual payment.

The Fuzzy Vendor

High
Master data

Two vendor records for the same entity, one routing to a fraudulent account.

The Inflated Unit Price

Medium
Fabrication

Unit price creeps above contract on invoices that otherwise look routine.

The Missing Goods Receipt

High
PO mismatch

Payment for goods/services with no receipt confirming delivery.

The Stale Approval

Medium
Control evasion

An old approval reused to authorize a new, different invoice.

The AI-Generated PO Ghost

High
PO mismatch

An automated system fabricates a plausible-looking PO reference that was never issued.

The Reissued Number

Medium
Duplicate

An invoice number reused across periods to mask a repeat payment.

The Vendor Email Takeover

Critical
Impersonation

A compromised real vendor mailbox sends genuine-looking invoices with new bank details.

The Rounding Skim

Medium
Fabrication

Cent-level over-billing across thousands of lines, invisible per invoice.

The Off-Catalog Charge

Medium
Control evasion

A charge for an item not in any approved catalog or contract.

The Year-End Rush

Medium
Timing

A spike of low-scrutiny invoices pushed through during period-close pressure.

Recognize one in your own books?

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